The neu­ro­science of lan­guage, con­scious­ness, and com­mu­ni­ca­tion raises many fun­da­men­tal ques­tions, the answers to which con­sis­tently defy def­i­n­i­tion. For exam­ple: when we speak, where do our words come from? Our brain, or our mind? And what do we mean by mind? Sim­i­lar dilem­mas arise when we try to study the nature of con­scious­ness. What is it, and where is it? Is it gen­er­ated solely by neural activ­ity, or is it a sep­a­rate force that influ­ences the activ­ity of the brain? Hypothe­ses abound, but nobody seems to know for certain.

How­ever, we do have a few clues that illu­mi­nate the rela­tion­ship between the brain, the mind, and our abil­ity to com­mu­ni­cate effec­tively to oth­ers. For exam­ple, every­day con­scious­ness seems to be depen­dent on an area of the frontal lobes where short-term “work­ing mem­ory” is processed. Our brain stores a tremen­dous amount of infor­ma­tion in long-term mem­ory, but in order to carry out a task, it must select only the most essen­tial pieces of infor­ma­tion in order to respond in a mean­ing­ful and appro­pri­ate way.

How much infor­ma­tion can our con­scious mind hold in work­ing mem­ory? About four “chunks,” and only for 30 sec­onds or less (we’ll explain this in more detail later). This tiny bit of infor­ma­tion, con­tained in this tiny win­dow of time, is what we use to com­mu­ni­cate our needs to oth­ers. This evi­dence con­vinced us to mod­ify Com­pas­sion­ate Com­mu­ni­ca­tion in a fun­da­men­tal way: when con­vers­ing with oth­ers, we should limit our­selves, when­ever pos­si­ble, to speak­ing for 20 or 30 sec­onds, for even a sin­gle sen­tence can con­tains more than 4 chunks of information.

Most peo­ple will say, “But I need more time to explain!” That may be true, but if you talk for sev­eral min­utes, the other person’s brain will only recall a frac­tion of what you’ve said, and it might not be the ele­ment that you wanted to con­vey. The solu­tion? Brevity, fol­lowed by intense lis­ten­ing to make sure that the other per­son grasped the key points of what you said. If they did, great! You can speak another sen­tence. If not, why con­tinue speak­ing if the other per­son is not com­pre­hend­ing you?

In busi­ness, time is money, so brevity is a highly val­ued trait. In fact, some exec­u­tives insist that impor­tant ques­tions and state­ments be writ­ten down on an index card, because this will con­vey the most impor­tant infor­ma­tion in the briefest period of time. It’s also a great brain-training exer­cise, because the mere act of writ­ing down a thought forces us to accu­rately con­vey our mes­sage in a mean­ing­ful and con­cise way.

When we limit our­selves to this 30 sec­ond “rule,” the brain quickly adapts by fil­ter­ing out irrel­e­vant infor­ma­tion. There’s another advan­tage to speak­ing briefly: it inter­rupts our abil­ity to express neg­a­tive emotions.

The Power of Yes

What about the power of the word “yes?” Using brain­scan tech­nol­ogy, we now have a very good idea of what hap­pens when we hear pos­i­tive words and phrases. What do we see? Not much! Pos­i­tive words do not con­note a threat to our sur­vival, so our brain doesn’t need to respond as rapidly as it does to the word, “No.” This presents a prob­lem, because the evi­dence con­tin­ues to grow show­ing that pos­i­tive think­ing is essen­tial for devel­op­ing healthy rela­tion­ships and work productivity.

Can we train our brain to become more respon­sive to “yes?” We think so, but in an indi­rect way through intense repet­i­tive focus­ing on pos­i­tive images, feel­ings, and beliefs. And it doesn’t mat­ter if the pos­i­tive think­ing is grounded in sci­ence, busi­ness, or the­ol­ogy. In fact, pos­i­tive irra­tional beliefs have also been proven to enhance a person’s sense of hap­pi­ness, well­be­ing, and life sat­is­fac­tion. Even for peo­ple who are born with a genetic propen­sity toward unhap­pi­ness, pos­i­tive think­ing can help them to build a bet­ter and more opti­mistic atti­tude toward life.

In a land­mark study that put Pos­i­tive Psy­chol­ogy on the map, a large group of adults, rang­ing in age from 35 to 54, were asked to write down, each night, three things that went well for them that day, and to pro­vide a brief expla­na­tion why. Over the next three months, their degrees of hap­pi­ness con­tin­ued to increase, and their feel­ings of depres­sion con­tin­ued to decrease, even though they had dis­con­tin­ued the writ­ing exper­i­ment. Thus, by using lan­guage to help us reflect on pos­i­tive ideas and emo­tions, we can enhance our over­all well being, and we improve the func­tion­ing of our brain.

Pos­i­tive words and thoughts pro­pel the moti­va­tional cen­ters of the brain into action, and it helps us build resilience when we are faced with the myr­iad prob­lems of life. Accord­ing to Sonja Lyubomirsky, one of the world’s lead­ing researchers on hap­pi­ness, if you want to develop life­long sat­is­fac­tion, you should reg­u­larly engage in pos­i­tive think­ing about your­self, share your hap­pi­est events with oth­ers, and savor every pos­i­tive expe­ri­ence in your life. If you use your lan­guage – your inner dia­logues and your con­ver­sa­tions with oth­ers, words, your speech – to engage in opti­mism and pos­i­tiv­ity, you will find your­self mov­ing in a more life-enhancing direction.

Can pos­i­tive think­ing be taken too far? Yes, espe­cially if you engage in exag­ger­a­tion. Peo­ple may begin to dis­trust you because the overuse of extreme pos­i­tive words in speech or writ­ing can be a sig­nal that you are being decep­tive. This hap­pens quite often in busi­ness com­mu­ni­ca­tion and adver­tis­ing, and it isn’t that the pub­lic has become more savvy. It’s a nat­ural func­tion­ing of your brain, which is specif­i­cally designed to look for dis­hon­esty in a person’s face or tone of voice. The solu­tion to this com­mu­ni­ca­tion prob­lem is to be pos­i­tive, but hon­est. You don’t have to over­sell your­self, for if you truly believe in the prod­uct or ser­vice you are offer­ing – if your words feel gen­uine to you, the other per­son will be able to intuit your authen­tic­ity from the non­ver­bal com­mu­ni­ca­tion cues you give out.

Here are some exam­ples of words that turn prospec­tive friends and cus­tomers off: amaz­ing, excel­lent, fab­u­lous, fan­tas­tic, incred­i­ble, mar­velous, great, phe­nom­e­nal, splen­did, and won­der­ful. Iron­i­cally, extreme neg­a­tive words, espe­cially if they are directed toward the oppo­si­tion, appear to give the speaker more cred­i­bil­ity in the eyes of the lis­tener by cast­ing doubt on the oppo­nent. It’s just another exam­ple of the power of “No.”

Peo­ple can also become immune to their overuse of strongly pos­i­tive or neg­a­tive words. Their aware­ness and sen­si­tiv­ity decreases, which may explain why chronic com­plain­ers are often unaware of their neg­a­tiv­ity and the emo­tional dam­age they are causing.

– This arti­cle has been adapted by arrange­ment with Hud­son Street Press, a mem­ber of Pen­guin Group (USA) Inc., from Words Can Change Your Brain: 12 Con­ver­sa­tion Strate­gies to Build Trust, Resolve Con­flict, and Increase Inti­macy by Andrew New­berg and Mark R Wald­man. Copy­right 2012 by Andrew New­berg and Mark R Wald­man.

Related arti­cles:

• Med­i­ta­tion on the Brain: a Con­ver­sa­tion with Andrew Newberg
• Enhance Hap­pi­ness and Health by Cul­ti­vat­ing Grat­i­tude: Inter­view with Robert Emmons
• A Course Cor­rec­tion for Pos­i­tive Psy­chol­ogy: A Review of Mar­tin Seligman’s Lat­est Book

_______________________

Ref­er­ences:

• May I have your atten­tion, please: elec­tro­cor­ti­cal responses to pos­i­tive and neg­a­tive stim­uli. Smith NK, Cacioppo JT, Larsen JT, Char­trand TL. Neu­ropsy­cholo­gia. 2003;41(2):171–83.
• On the incre­men­tal valid­ity of irra­tional beliefs to pre­dict sub­jec­tive well-being while con­trol­ling for per­son­al­ity fac­tors. Spör­rle M, Stro­bel M, Tumas­jan A. Psi­cothema. 2010 Nov;22(4):543–8.
• The value of pos­i­tive psy­chol­ogy for health psy­chol­ogy: progress and pit­falls in exam­in­ing the rela­tion of pos­i­tive phe­nom­ena to health. Aspin­wall LG, Tedeschi RG. Ann Behav Med. 2010 Feb;39(1):4–15.
• Pos­i­tive psy­chol­ogy in clin­i­cal prac­tice. Lee Duck­worth A, Steen TA, Selig­man ME. Annu Rev Clin Psy­chol. 2005;1:629–51.
• Pos­i­tive psy­chol­ogy progress: empir­i­cal val­i­da­tion of inter­ven­tions. Selig­man ME, Steen TA, Park N, Peter­son C. Am Psy­chol. 2005 Jul-Aug;60(5):410–21.
• What is in a word? No ver­sus Yes dif­fer­en­tially engage the lat­eral orbitofrontal cor­tex. Alia-Klein N, Gold­stein RZ, Tomasi D, Zhang L, Fagin-Jones S, Telang F, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. Emo­tion. 2007 Aug;7(3):649–59.
• Hap­pi­ness unpacked: pos­i­tive emo­tions increase life sat­is­fac­tion by build­ing resilience. Cohn MA, Fredrick­son BL, Brown SL, Mikels JA, Con­way AM. Emo­tion. 2009 Jun;9(3):361–8.
• Detect­ing Decep­tive Dis­cus­sions…. Lar­cker & Lakolyuk­ina: Stan­ford Grad­u­ate School of Busi­ness Work­ing Paper: July 29, 2010
• Affec­tive habit­u­a­tion: sub­lim­i­nal expo­sure to extreme stim­uli decreases their extrem­ity. Dijk­ster­huis A, Smith PK. Emo­tion. 2002 Sep;2(3):203–14.

Be Socia­ble, Share!

•