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Can mental training in compassion lead to altruistic behavior and better health?

June 28, 2013 by Greater Good Science Center

The first time I ever tried a lov­ing-kind­ness med­i­ta­tion, I was over­come by a feel­ing of com­plete… futil­i­ty. Men­tal­ly extend­ing com­pas­sion to oth­ers and wish­ing them free from suf­fer­ing seemed nice enough, but I had a hard time believ­ing that my idle thoughts could increase kind­ness in the real world.

Turns out I was wrong.

A new study, just pub­lished online by Psy­cho­log­i­cal Sci­ence, shows that train­ing adults in a lov­ing-kind­ness-style “com­pas­sion med­i­ta­tion” actu­al­ly makes them sig­nif­i­cant­ly more altru­is­tic toward others.

The study sug­gests not only that it’s pos­si­ble to increase com­pas­sion and altru­ism in the world, but that we can do so even through rel­a­tive­ly brief training.

What’s more, the study is the first to link these behav­ioral changes with mea­sur­able changes in brain activ­i­ty, shed­ding light on why com­pas­sion­ate thoughts may actu­al­ly lead to com­pas­sion­ate deeds.

“We real­ly want­ed to show that com­pas­sion is a skill that you can work on, like exer­cise or learn­ing a musi­cal instru­ment,” says the study’s lead author, Helen Weng, who is a grad­u­ate stu­dent at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Wis­con­sin, Madi­son, where she’s affil­i­at­ed with the Cen­ter for Inves­ti­gat­ing Healthy Minds.

Train­ing to help

In the study, Weng and her col­leagues gave par­tic­i­pants one of two train­ings. In both train­ings, the par­tic­i­pants lis­tened to a 30-minute audio record­ing on their own once a day for just two weeks.

One was the com­pas­sion med­i­ta­tion, adapt­ed from the Bud­dhist prac­tice of lov­ing-kind­ness med­i­ta­tion. The com­pas­sion med­i­ta­tion gen­tly instruct­ed the par­tic­i­pants to extend feel­ings of com­pas­sion toward dif­fer­ent peo­ple, includ­ing them­selves, a loved one, a casu­al acquain­tance, and some­one with whom they’d had difficulty.

The researchers call the oth­er audio record­ing a “reap­praisal train­ing” because it involved recall­ing a stress­ful expe­ri­ence and try­ing to think about it in a new, less upset­ting way, such as by con­sid­er­ing it from anoth­er person’s point of view.

Before and imme­di­ate­ly after each two-week train­ing, all par­tic­i­pants had their brains scanned in an fMRI machine while they looked at a series of images, some of which depict­ed peo­ple in pain, such as a burn vic­tim or a cry­ing child.

Also imme­di­ate­ly after the train­ings, the par­tic­i­pants played an online game designed to mea­sure their altru­is­tic behav­ior. In the game, they were giv­en $5, anoth­er play­er was giv­en $10, and a third play­er had no mon­ey. (The oth­er “play­ers” were actu­al­ly com­put­er gen­er­at­ed, but the par­tic­i­pants were led to believe they were real peo­ple.) Each study par­tic­i­pant first watched as the play­er with $10 was asked to share some of his mon­ey but gave only $1 to the pen­ni­less play­er, who the researchers refer to as the “vic­tim.” The par­tic­i­pant could then choose to spend any amount of his $5; what­ev­er he spent would have to be dou­bled by the wealthy play­er and giv­en to the vic­tim. So if the par­tic­i­pant was will­ing to part with $2, the vic­tim would receive $4 from the oth­er player.

Would peo­ple who received the com­pas­sion train­ing be more will­ing to spend their mon­ey in order to help a stranger in need?

They were—in fact, they spent near­ly twice as much as peo­ple who received the reap­praisal train­ing, $1.14 vs. $0.62.

Chang­ing the Brain

It’s impor­tant to note that, dur­ing the game, par­tic­i­pants weren’t instruct­ed to think about any­thing they’d learned dur­ing their train­ing. Yet that brief dai­ly med­i­ta­tion still seemed to have a strong car­ry-over effect on their behavior.

“This demon­strates that pure­ly men­tal train­ing in com­pas­sion can result in observ­able altru­is­tic changes toward a vic­tim,” the researchers write in their paper, “even when indi­vid­u­als are not explic­it­ly cued to gen­er­ate compassion.”

And these changes were also reflect­ed in changes to brain activ­i­ty. Specif­i­cal­ly, when com­pared with their brain activ­i­ty before the train­ing, peo­ple who received the com­pas­sion train­ing showed increased activ­i­ty in neur­al net­works involved in under­stand­ing the suf­fer­ing of oth­ers, reg­u­lat­ing emo­tions, and pos­i­tive feel­ings in response to a reward or goal.

The researchers saw sim­i­lar brain changes in the reap­praisal train­ing group, but that brain activ­i­ty didn’t trans­late into altru­is­tic behav­ior. To explain this, the researchers pro­pose how the inter­ac­tion between the train­ing, brain activ­i­ty, and behav­ior may have dif­fered between the two groups.

They point out that a height­ened sen­si­tiv­i­ty to suf­fer­ing caus­es peo­ple to avoid that suf­fer­ing because it doesn’t feel good; how­ev­er, because the com­pas­sion train­ing also seemed to strength­en the brain’s abil­i­ty to reg­u­late emo­tions, peo­ple may have been able to sense suf­fer­ing with­out feel­ing over­whelmed by it. Instead, the care for oth­ers empha­sized by the com­pas­sion train­ing may have caused them to see suf­fer­ing not as a threat to their own well-being but as an oppor­tu­ni­ty to reap the psy­chic rewards from achiev­ing an impor­tant goal—namely, con­nect­ing with some­one else and mak­ing him feel better.

Helen Weng
“When your goal is to help anoth­er per­son, then your reward sys­tem will be acti­vat­ed when you’re meet­ing that goal,” says Weng.

By con­trast, the reap­praisal group’s goal was to decrease their own neg­a­tive emo­tions, mak­ing them less inclined to be altru­is­tic when con­front­ed with some­one else’s pain. “When you’re focused on decreas­ing your own neg­a­tive emo­tions,” she says, “I think that makes you less focused on oth­er people.”

Build­ing on pre­vi­ous studies

This study fol­lows pri­or research doc­u­ment­ing the pos­i­tive effects of oth­er com­pas­sion train­ing pro­grams, such as theCom­pas­sion Cul­ti­va­tion Train­ing devel­oped at Stan­ford Uni­veristy and the Cog­ni­tive­ly-Based Com­pas­sion Train­ingout of Emory Uni­ver­si­ty. A study pub­lished ear­li­er this year, also in Psy­cho­log­i­cal Sci­ence, sug­gests that train­ing in mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion sig­nif­i­cant­ly increas­es com­pas­sion­ate behavior.

But this new study is note­wor­thy for sev­er­al rea­sons. For one thing, many of the pre­vi­ous stud­ies have exam­ined train­ings that took sev­er­al hours a week for at least eight weeks; this study’s com­pas­sion train­ing, by con­trast, took just a total of sev­en hours over two weeks.

Also, pri­or stud­ies of com­pas­sion train­ings have most­ly looked at their effects on brain activ­i­ty, emo­tion­al well-being, or phys­i­cal health. But this is the first study to both exam­ine “whether train­ing in com­pas­sion will make you more car­ing and help­ful toward oth­ers,” says Weng, and then doc­u­ment how “those changes in behav­ior are linked to changes in neur­al and emo­tion­al respond­ing to peo­ple suffering.”

Weng says she’s excit­ed by the impli­ca­tion that peo­ple can devel­op sig­nif­i­cant­ly more com­pas­sion and altru­ism, even out­side of a train­ing like the one she helped to create.

“Our find­ings sup­port the pos­si­bil­i­ty that com­pas­sion and altru­ism can be viewed as train­able skills rather than as sta­ble traits,” she and her co-authors write. “This lays the ground­work for future research to explore whether com­pas­sion-relat­ed train­ings can ben­e­fit fields that depend on altru­ism and coop­er­a­tion (e.g., med­i­cine) as well as clin­i­cal sub­groups char­ac­ter­ized by deficits in com­pas­sion, such as psychopaths.”

––  Jason Marsh is the edi­tor in chief of Greater Good, based at UC-Berke­ley, is an online mag­a­zine that high­lights ground break­ing sci­en­tific research into the roots of com­pas­sion and altru­ism. Copy­right Greater Good.

Relat­ed articles:

  • Mind­ful­ness and Med­i­ta­tion in Schools for Stress Management
  • Med­i­ta­tion: Dif­fer­ent Tech­niques, Dif­fer­ent Effects on the Brain

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Filed Under: Brain/ Mental Health, Education & Lifelong Learning Tagged With: altruistic, compassion, Greater-Good, meditation, mental-training, mindfulness

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