A study just pub­lished in the Jour­nal of the Amer­i­can Geri­atric Soci­ety has been much pub­li­cized recently (see for instance, this L.A. Times arti­cle). The study showed that a computer-based brain train­ing pro­gram suc­ceeded in reduc­ing at-fault car crashes for older dri­vers. The effects of the train­ing lasted over 6 years.

This result made the news as one of the rare trans­fers of brain train­ing ben­e­fits to every­day life.  Why was this train­ing suc­cess­ful and not oth­ers? Prob­a­bly because brain train­ing needs to be spe­cific and not gen­eral. If you prac­tice play­ing base­ball you do not expect to get bet­ter at play­ing bas­ket­ball, right? The same is true of brain func­tions: If you train your lan­guage skills, do not expect to get bet­ter at mem­o­riz­ing numbers.

Dri­ving is quite auto­matic for most of us. How­ever this appar­ently sim­ple activ­ity relies on sev­eral com­plex cog­ni­tive abil­i­ties or brain func­tions. To drive one needs to, at least:

• Read and fol­low road signs (Brain func­tion: lan­guage comprehension)
• Pay atten­tion to every­thing in the envi­ron­ment (Visual attention)
• Antic­i­pate what may hap­pen on the road (Decision-making, plan­ning, motor skills)
• React quickly to what hap­pens on the road (Pro­cess­ing speed)

Based on the above analy­sis it looks like improv­ing and/or main­tain­ing a) visual atten­tion and b) pro­cess­ing speed is cru­cial to stay safe on the road.

This is exactly what the brain train­ing pro­gram used in the recently pub­li­cized study did. The goal of Dr. Kar­lene Ball and Dr. Jerri Edwards, lead sci­en­tists of the study, was to train older dri­vers’ visual atten­tion and pro­cess­ing speed. To do so they train the older dri­vers’ Use­ful Field of View (or UFOV), which is the visual area over which infor­ma­tion can be extracted at a brief glance with­out eye or head move­ments. Pre­vi­ous stud­ies have shown that the per­for­mance on a test assess­ing one’s UFOV is highly cor­re­lated with the risk of car accidents

UFOV assess­ment and train­ing pro­grams were pri­mar­ily devel­oped by Dr. Kar­lene Ball and Dr. Daniel Roenker more than 20 years ago. Orig­i­nally, these pro­grams were made avail­able through Visual Aware­ness Inc. In 2008, Posit Sci­ence acquired Visual Aware­ness. The lat­est ver­sion of the pro­grams is now incor­po­rated into Posit Science’s Dri­ve­Sharp and InSight visual train­ing programs.

In many stud­ies, includ­ing this most recent one, brain train­ing of visual atten­tion and pro­cess­ing speed using the UFOV pro­grams has proven suc­cess­ful in reduc­ing a) the risk of dri­ving ces­sa­tion, b) the risk of dan­ger­ous dri­ving maneu­vers and c) at-fault auto­mo­bile crashes.

In sum, it looks like brain train­ing can be quite suc­cess­ful in improv­ing every­day life when the right brain func­tions are trained. There is no gen­eral solu­tion: Each pro­gram needs to be eval­u­ated based on one’s goals and needs.

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To go fur­ther in under­stand­ing the role of brain train­ing for older drivers:

• Improv­ing Dri­ving Skills and Brain Func­tion­ing– Inter­view with Jerri Edwards
  
• Can we improve Dri­ver Safety using Posit Sci­ence InSight?- Inter­view with Tom War­den (All­state)
  
• AAA to deploy Brain Fit­ness Soft­ware Dri­ve­Sharp to Assess and Train Older Driver’s Brains - Inter­view with Peter Kissinger (AAA Foundation)
• Two of the 10 2010 Brain Fit­ness Inno­va­tion Awards final­ists focused on brain train­ing for older dri­vers: The AAA Foun­da­tion for Traf­fic Safety and Allstate

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